This period is known as one of the Golden Ages in the region and in Jerusalem. Archaeological studies indicate that during this period, the population reached unprecedented numbers only to be repeated in modern times.
Following the adoption of Christianity as the primary religion of the Roman Empire, the Temple of Venus was converted into the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Moreover, throughout the fifth century a new church called the Nea Church, was built at the southern end of the Cardo street axis. This church was among the most magnificent churches in the world at the time.
Throughout the Byzantine period, the city also expanded toward the historic heart of the city, in the area of present-day Silwan. This is indicated by the construction of a wall that included the Pool of Siloam within the city, and from the construction of the adjacent church and monastery.